What is Specific Gravity and How it's Calculated

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"Specific Gravity" is a ratio (written as a decimal) of the weight of a substance divided by weight of equal volume of water.

For example, if 10 mL of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) weighs 18 g, and 10 mL of water, under similar conditions, weighs 10 g, the specific gravity of the acid is:

• Substances that have a specific gravity less than 1 are lighter than water.
• Substances that have a specific gravity greater than 1 are heavier than water.

Because substances expand or contract at different rates when their temperatures change, standard temperatures needs to be assigned. In the United Stated, the standard temperature for specific gravities is 25 °C, except for that of alcohol, which is 15.56 °C by government regulation.

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